Strayer PHIl210 final exam 2014
A set of statements designed to convince others that an action or idea is right or wrong is a type of:
Answer
agreement. | ||
argument. | ||
evaluation. | ||
hypothesis. | ||
premise. |
Question 2
Statistics come from gathering and ________data.
Answer
disputing | ||
analyzing | ||
explaining | ||
justifying | ||
manipulating |
Question 3
While scientific explanations provide compelling evidence for claims and produce verifiable insights, they are also:
Answer
good measures for concepts such as humor or love. | ||
never able to be replicated. | ||
routinely invalidated by later investigations. | ||
completely free of bias. | ||
untested hypotheses. |
Question 4
Which of the following would be considered to be based on pseudoscience?
Answer
using radiation to treat cancer | ||
injecting a diabetic with insulin | ||
transplanting genes in order to correct genetic disorders. | ||
using massage, heat treatment, and exercise to treat a physical injury | ||
hypnotizing a person in order to ensure that they are immune to a communicable disease |
Question 5
An explanation is a statement that provides a _________ for why or how something became the way it is.
Answer
clue | ||
debate | ||
conclusion | ||
reason | ||
response |
Question 6
All of these statements demonstrate the use of a euphemism, except:
Answer
Your coworker announces that her cat was put to sleep over the weekend. | ||
You have a group of friends over on a Friday night to enjoy an adult beverage. | ||
Your boss tells you are fired from your job during an impromptu meeting. | ||
A friend refers to himself as vertically challenged when describing his height in his online dating profile. | ||
A politician states that she misspoke when asked about her conflicting statements on a particular issue. |
Question 7
Using the term snail mail to describe postal mail is an example of:
Answer
emotive language | ||
euphemism | ||
weasel word | ||
dysphemism | ||
innuendo |
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Question 8
Which of the following is a tip for dealing with unclear language?
Answer
Try to avoid ambiguity in your own arguments. | ||
Try to use sarcasm to help illustrate your points. | ||
Try to use vague terms to describe what you are thinking and feeling. | ||
Try to use words that leave the context open for interpretation. | ||
Try not to ask for clarification from other people during discussions. |
Question 9
Another term for semantic meaning is:
Answer
connotative meaning | ||
sarcastic meaning | ||
syntactic meaning | ||
denotative meaning | ||
pragmatic meaning |
Question 11
Consider the following argument:
Premise: Michael took an apple from the farm stand.
Premise: Stealing is wrong.
Conclusion: Therefore, Michael was wrong for stealing the apple.
The statement, “stealing is wrong” is an example of which of the following?
Premise: Michael took an apple from the farm stand.
Premise: Stealing is wrong.
Conclusion: Therefore, Michael was wrong for stealing the apple.
The statement, “stealing is wrong” is an example of which of the following?
Answer
Syllogism | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Enthymeme | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Premise that makes an amoral statement | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Premise that makes a moral statement about a moral principle | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Conclusion that demonstrates a moral statement
Question 12Which theory is characterized by doing what is best for others instead of oneself?
Answer
Question 13A top official of the government is presenting a case for the continued use of drone airplanes in military conflicts. The official states “Using drones during military surveillance missions is the right course of action because it saves soldiers’ lives.” What is the enthymeme in the official’s argument?
Answer
Question 14What makes an argument an ethical argument?
Answer
Question 15In order to pay for tuition for collegiate studies, a student chooses to sell illegal drugs to finance his education. He understands the implications of his actions, from the destruction of families for those addicted, to the breaking laws preventing the sales of controlled substances. Which theory is he using to justify his actions?
Answer
|
Question 16
Which of the following is something that can lead to making good decisions?
Answer
Waiting for the perfect solution | ||
Having conflicting motives | ||
Clearly defining the problem | ||
Not making any decision due to fear | ||
Taking hearsay as fact |
Question 17
Which is a strategy to use to help generate multiple options to solve a problem?
Answer
Go with the first option that comes to you. | ||
Look at the problem from different perspectives. | ||
Immediately assess and discard every option that you think of. | ||
Find reasons why proposed solutions won’t work. | ||
Decide the problem is not important enough to solve. |
Question 18
The least helpful question to ask yourself when evaluating top choices would be:
Answer
What are the probable outcomes of this choice? | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Would this option effectively solve the problem? | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
What are the short-term gains? | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Is it a reliable choice? | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Does it fit with your personal ethics?
Question 19
A good practice when making a decision involves:
Answer
20
Putting in the effort to adequately define the problem is:
Answer
Question 21
When debating solutions to problems related to climate change on a national level, which problem related to climate change has a prominent amount of conflicting political opinions?
Answer
|
Question 22
The straw man fallacy is a fallacy where the arguer:
Answer
inaccurately portrays a circumstance as having a limited number of possible outcomes, thus setting up an either-or situation. | ||
raises an irrelevant side issue to distract the opponent or audience from what is really at stake. | ||
suggests that one event is going to spark a chain of events leading up to an undesirable outcome, even when there is no logical reason to believe with certainty that the first event will cause that chain of events. | ||
uses a comparison to support their argument, but the two things being compared are not similar enough for the comparison to be relevant. | ||
sets up a vulnerable version of his or her opponent’s position and then presents evidence to knock down the distorted position. |
Question 23
An expert may not be considered a credible source if he or she has:
Answer
An education from reputable institutions in a relevant program. | ||
A view in direct opposition to the vast majority of other experts in the subject. | ||
A great deal of experience on the topic being evaluated. | ||
Many professional accomplishments that are directly relevant. | ||
A reputation among peers for being honest and objective. |
Question 24
When listening to people debating a topic, a critical thinker should ignore:
Answer
discerning what arguments they’re pitching | ||
how they are responding to each other’s arguments | ||
if they are dressed in a professional manner | ||
what evidence they are offering to support their positions | ||
whether their credentials are in a relevant field |
Question 25
A claim and an argument are similar in that they both _____________, however, an argument specifically ____________.
Answer
provide evidence; provides reasoning as well | ||
make an assertion; makes an assertion that something is false. | ||
make an assertion; makes an assertion that all experts agree with . | ||
make an assertion; provides evidence and reasoning to support the assertion. | ||
provide facts; gives opinions why something is true.
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